Chemical Elements List : Symbols and Names

This is a chemical elements list in order of their atomic number and uses British English spellings for names and descriptions.

To see this information listed in a different order (alphabetically by Chemical Symbol or alphabetically by Name of Elements in the English language) use the links in this sentence or click the arrow indicating the column you would like to order data by.

Atomic Number	Chemical Symbol	Name of Chemical (in English)	Atomic Weight (Mass Number)	Short Description
			Atomic Weight (Mass Number)
1	H	Hydrogen	1	Hydrogen is a colourless gas at room temperature. It is highly flammable.
2	He	Helium	4	Helium is a colourless odourless tasteless gas at room temperature.
3	Li	Lithium	7	Lithium is a soft silver-white metal classified as an "alkali metal" element.
4	Be	Beryllium	9	Beryllium is found naturally only combined with other elements e.g. in aquamarine, emerald and chrysoberyl. The free element beryllium is a steel-gray, strong, lightweight brittle "alkaline earth metal".
5	B	Boron	11	Boron exists as amorphous boron (a brown powder) and crystalline boron (black, very hard and a poor conductor at room temperature).
6	C	Carbon	12	Carbon exists as graphite, diamond, and amorphous carbon.
7	N	Nitrogen	14	Nitrogen is a colourless odorless tasteless and mostly inert gas at room temperature.
8	O	Oxygen	16	Oxygen occurs as a highly reactive colourless odourless tasteless gas.
9	F	Fluorine	19	Fluorine is a very reactive poisonous pale-yellowish brown gas.
10	Ne	Neon	20	Neon is a colourless inert noble gas that glows reddish-orange in discharge tubes and neon lamps.
11	Na	Sodium	23	Sodium is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive "alkali metal" element.
12	Mg	Magnesium	24	Magnesium is found naturally only combined with other elements as it is highly reactive. The free metal burns with a distinctive brilliant white light.
13	Al	Aluminium	27	Aluminium is found naturally only combined with other elements as it is highly reactive. It is a soft, durable, lightweight, ductile and malleable metal whose appearance ranges from silvery to dull gray. It is non-magnetic, non-sparking and insoluble in alcohol. The free metal burns with a distinctive brilliant white light.
14	Si	Silicon	28	Silicon rarely occurs in free element form in nature. It is found in dusts, sands, and forms of silicon dioxide (silica) or silicates.
15	P	Phosphorus	31	Phosphorus occurs in phosphate rocks. Elemental phosphorus exists in two forms, white phosphorus and red phosphorus but - due to its high reactivity, phosphorus is never found as a free element in nature.
16	S	Sulphur	32	Sulphur is a bright yellow crystalline solid. In nature, it can be found as the pure element and as sulfide and sulfate minerals.
17	Cl	Chlorine	35.5	Chlorine is a pale yellow-green, highly reactive, gas with a strong smell (of bleach) at room temperature.
18	Ar	Argon	40	Argon is a colourless odourless and non-toxic gas at room temp and pressure. It is inert under most conditions so forms no confirmed stable compounds.
19	K	Potassium	39	Potassium is a soft silvery-white alkali metal that oxidizes rapidly in air and is very reactive with water. It occurs in nature only as ionic salts, e.g. dissolved in seawater, and as part of minerals.
20	Ca	Calcium	40	Calcium is a soft grey alkaline earth metal.
21	Sc	Scandium	45	Scandium is a silvery-white metallic transition metal.
22	Ti	Titanium	48	Titanium is a light (low-density) metal that is strong, lustrous, corrosion-resistant and silver in colour.
23	V	Vanadium	51	Vanadium is a soft, silvery gray, ductile transition metal.
24	Cr	Chromium	52	Chromium is a steely-grey, lustrous, hard metal with a high melting point. It is odourless, tasteless, and malleable.
25	Mn	Manganese	55	Manganese is a silvery-grey hard metal, very brittle and difficult to fuse but easy to oxidize. Manganese metal and its common ions are paramagnetic.
26	Fe	Iron	56	Iron and iron alloys (steels) are the most common metals and ferromagnetic materials in everyday use.
27	Co	Cobalt	59	Cobalt is a hard, lustrous, grey metal that occurs in metallic-lustered ores, e.g. cobaltite (CoAsS). Cobalt-based colours and pigments have been used for jewellry and paints for 1000s years.
28	Ni	Nickel	59	Nickel is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge.
29	Cu	Copper	64	Copper is a ductile metal with high thermal and electrical conductivity. Pure copper is soft and malleable. Freshly exposed copper surfaces are pinkish / peachy in colour.
30	Zn	Zinc	65	Zinc is a bluish-white, lustrous, diamagnetic, hard, brittle, transition metal.

31	Ga	Gallium	70	Gallium is a soft silvery-coloured brittle solid at low temperatures. It is a poor metal and does not occur in elemental form in nature, but as the gallium(III) salt in very small amounts in bauxite and zinc ores.
32	Ge	Germanium	73	Germanium is a lustrous, hard, greyish-white metalloid that has five naturally occurring isotopes ranging in atomic mass number from 70 to 76. It is an important semiconductor material used in transistors, electronics,fiber-optic systems, infrared optics and solar cells.
33	As	Arsenic	75	Arsenic is a poisonous metalloid that has many forms incl. a yellow (molecular non-metallic) and several black and grey forms.
34	Se	Selenium	79	Selenium occurs in various forms, the most stable of which is a dense purplish-grey semiconductor. Non-conductive forms of selenium include a black glass-like allotrope and several red crystalline forms.
35	Br	Bromine	80	Bromine is a halogen that is a brown liquid at room temperature. Its vapour is toxic and corrosive.
36	Kr	Krypton	84	Krypton is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, noble gas that occurs in trace amounts in the atmosphere.
37	Rb	Rubidium	85.5	Rubidium is a soft, silvery-white "alkali metal" element.
38	Sr	Strontium	88	Strontium is a grey, silvery metal that is softer than calcium and highly reactive with water. It occurs naturally only in compounds with other elements, such as in the minerals strontianite and celestite.
39	Y	Yttrium	89	Yttrium is a silvery-metallic transition metal that is nearly always found combined with the lanthanoids in rare earth minerals - as a free element.
40	Zr	Zirconium	91	Zirconium is a lustrous, grey-white, strong transition metal. It is not found in nature as a free element but may be obtained from the mineral zircon.
41	Nb	Niobium	93	Niobium is a soft, grey, ductile transition metal found in the minerals pyrochlore and columbite..
42	Mo	Molybdenum	96	Molybdenum is a silvery metal that does not occur as the free metal in nature but may be extracted from certain minerals.
43	Tc	Technetium	98	Technetium is a silvery grey, crystalline transition. It is the lowest atomic number element without any stable isotopes. Most of technetium is produced synthetically but minute amounts have been found in nature. Naturally occurring technetium occurs as a spontaneous fission product in uranium ore or by neutron capture in molybdenum ores.
44	Ru	Ruthenium	101	Ruthenium is a rare transition metal that is inert to most other chemicals.
45	Rh	Rhodium	103	Rhodium is a rare, silvery-white, hard, inert transition metal.
46	Pd	Palladium	106	Palladium is a rare lustrous silvery-white transition metal. (It is relatively valuable due to its many industrial applications yet limited supply.)
47	Ag	Silver	108	Silver is a soft, white, lustrous transition metal. It is the element with the highest electrical conductivity and the metal of highest thermal conductivity.
48	Cd	Cadmium	112	Cadmium is a soft bluish-white toxic metal.
49	In	Indium	115	Indium is a rare and very soft, malleable post-transition metal. It is named for the indigo blue line in its spectrum that was the first indication of its existence as a new and unknown element (in metal ores).
50	Sn	Tin	119	Tin is a malleable, ductile, and highly crystalline silvery-white metal of low-toxicity. It was used widely during the "Bronze Age" to form bronze, an alloy of tin and copper.
51	Sb	Antimony	122	Antimony is a silvery lustrous grey metalloid that has two stable isotopes, one with 70 neutrons, the other with 72. It is found mainly as antimony sulfide, commonly known as stibnite.
52	Te	Tellurium	128	Tellurium is a brittle, mildly toxic, silver-white metalloid.
53	I	Iodine	127	Iodine is a halogen that is a bluish-black solid at room temperature and pressure. It may be seen apparently sublimating at standard temperatures into a violet-pink gas with an irritating smell.
54	Xe	Xenon	131	Xenon is a colourless, odourless, heavy, noble gas that occurs in trace amounts in the Earth's atmosphere.
55	Cs	Caesium	133	Caesium is a soft, silvery-gold alkali metal with a melting point of 28 °C. Although it has only mild chemical toxicity, the radioisotopes present are a risk in case of radiation leaks, hence caesium is considered hazardous.
56	Ba	Barium	137	Barium is a soft silvery metallic alkaline earth metal. The free element is not found in nature but in various minerals.
57	La	Lanthanum	139	Lanthanum is a silver- white, malleable, ductile, soft metal found in some rare-earth minerals, usually in combination with cerium and other rare earth elements. It may be extracted from the minerals monazite and bastnäsite.
58	Ce	Cerium	140	Cerium is a soft, silvery, ductile metal that is found in certain minerals, incl. monazite and bastnasite.
59	Pr	Praseodymium	141	Praseodymium is a soft, silvery, malleable and ductile metal. At low temperatures itis paramagnetic at any temperature above 1 Kelvin.
60	Nd	Neodymium	144	Neodymium is a rare earth metal that has a bright, silvery metallic luster - but oxidizes quickly in air.

61	Pm	Promethium	147	Promethium is a radioactive element, only trace amounts of which can be found in naturally occurring ores. Its longest lived isotope 145Pm is a soft beta emitter with a half-life of 17.7 years. Pure promethium can exist in two allotropic forms. Promethium salts luminesce in the dark with a pale blue or greenish glow, due to high radioactivity.
62	Sm	Samarium	150	Samarium is a rare earth metal with a bright silver luster. .
63	Eu	Europium	152	Europium is a ductile metal that becomes a superconductor when simultaneously at both high pressure (80 GPa) and at low temperature (1.8 Kelvin). It is the most reactive rare earth elements.
64	Gd	Gadolinium	157	Gadolinium is a silvery-white malleable and ductile rare-earth metal. It is strongly paramagnetic at room temperature, and has ferromagnetic properties below room temperature. It also has a magnetocaloric effect, i.e. its temperature increases when it enters a magnetic field and decreases when it leaves the magnetic field.
65	Tb	Terbium	159	Terbium is a silvery-white rare earth metal that is malleable, ductile and soft enough to be cut with a knife. It is not found as a free element in nature but is contained in many minerals.
66	Dy	Dysprosium	162.5	Dysprosium is a rare earth metal with a bright silver luster. It is soft enough to be cut with a knife, and can be machined without sparking (when overheating is avoided). It has unusual yet important magnetic properties.
67	Ho	Holmium	165	Holmium is a relatively soft and malleable silvery-white metal that is stable in dry air at room temperature. It occurs in the minerals monazite and gadolinite. Holmium has the highest magnetic strength of any element and therefore is used for the polepieces of the strongest static magnets. It is also used in nuclear control rods.
68	Er	Erbium	167	Erbium is a silvery-white solid rare earth metal. It does not occur as the free metal in nature but may be extracted from certain minerals e.g. gadolinite.
69	Tm	Thulium	169	Thulium is a soft, malleable, ductile metal with silvery luster (when pure). It is ferromagnetic below 32 K, antiferromagnetic between 32 and 56 K and paramagnetic above 56 K.
70	Yb	Ytterbium	173	Ytterbium is a soft, malleable, ductile rare earth metal with a bright silvery luster. It has 3 allotropes (called alpha, beta and gamma) and is paramagnetic at temperatures above 1 K.
71	Lu	Lutetium	175	Lutetium is a silvery white corrosion-resistant rare earths metal that has several radioactive isotopes e.g. 176Lu.
72	Hf	Hafnium	178.5	Hafnium is a lustrous silvery-grey transition metal found in zirconium minerals.
73	Ta	Tantalum	181	Tantalum is a rare, hard, blue-gray, lustrous transition metal that occurs naturally in the mineral tantalite.
74	W	Tungsten	184	Tungsten is a steel-grey metal that may seem brittle and difficult to work, but can be worked easily when pure. It has the lowest coefficient of thermal expansion of any pure metal.
75	Re	Rhenium	186	Rhenium is a silvery-white metal that has one of the highest melting points of all elements (exceeded by W and C). It is one of the densest elements (exceeded by Pt, Ir and Os).
76	Os	Osmium	190	Osmium is an extremely dense, blue-grey, hard, brittle, metal that remains lustrous even at high temperatures. It has 4th highest melting point of all elements and is considered to be the densest known element.
77	Ir	Iridium	192	Iridium is a very hard, brittle, silvery-white transition metal, the second densest element and the most corrosion-resistant metal, even at high temperatures.
78	Pt	Platinum	195	Platinum is a silvery-white, lustrous, ductile, and malleable metal. Its resistance to wear and tarnish results in its popularity for making fine jewelry.
79	Au	Gold	197	Gold is the most malleable and ductile metal. It is unaffected by air, moisture and most corrosive reagents, hence its popularity for use in coins and jewelry and as a protective coating on other, more reactive, metals - though it is not chemically inert. Pure gold is odourless, tasteless very dense.
80	Hg	Mercury	201	Mercury is a heavy silvery-white metal - the only metal that is liquid at room temperature and pressure. Compared to other metals, it is a poor conductor of heat, but a fair conductor of electricity.
81	Tl	Thallium	204	Thallium is soft, malleable, grey poor metal. It may be perserved by storage under oil. Thallium is known for its high and nonselective toxicity.
82	Pb	Lead	207	Lead is a soft, malleable poor metal that has a bluish-white colour after being freshly cut, but it soon tarnishes to a dull greyish color when exposed to air.
83	Bi	Bismuth	209	Bismuth is a heavy and brittle poor metal that has a silvery white colour with a pink tinge (due to surface oxide). It is the most naturally diamagnetic of all metals, and only mercury has a lower thermal conductivity. It is generally considered to be the last naturally occurring stable, non-radioactive element on the periodic table, though it is slightly radioactive
84	Po	Polonium	210	Polonium is a rare and highly radioactive metalloid that occurs in uranium ores. It has 33 known isotopes (all radioactive) that have atomic masses ranging from 188 to 220.
85	At	Astatine	210	Astatine is a highly radioactive halogen thought to be more metallic than iodine. Its most stable isotope has a half-life of around 8.3 hours. Astatine is the least reactive of the halogens (less reactive than iodine) and occurs naturally in three natural radioactive decay series but, due to its short half-life, is found only in tiny amounts.
86	Rn	Radon	222	Radon is a radioactive, colourless, odourless, tasteless noble gas, occurring naturally as the decay product of radium. It is one of the densest substances that remains a gas under normal conditions and is considered to be a health hazard due to its radioactivity.
87	Fr	Francium	223	Francium is an alkali metal and the most unstable of the naturally occurring elements. Its most stable isotope has a maximum half-life of only 22 minutes.
88	Ra	Radium	226	Radium is pure white radioactive alkaline earth metal that occurs in trace amounts in uranium ores. On exposure to air it forms a black oxide.
89	Ac	Actinium	227	Actinium is a silvery radioactive metal that glows (pale blue) in the dark due to radioactivity.
90	Th	Thorium	232	Thorium is a naturally occurring, slightly radioactive metal.

91	Pa	Protactinium	231	Protactinium is a radioactive metal that has a bright metallic luster that it retains for some time in contact with air. It is superconductive at temperatures below 1.4 Kelvin.
92	U	Uranium	238	Uranium is a silvery-white radioactive metal that has 6 known isotopes It occurs naturally in low concentrations (a few parts per million) in soil, rock and water, and is commercially extracted from uranium-bearing minerals such as uraninite.Uranium decays slowly by emitting an alpha particle.
93	Np	Neptunium	237	Neptunium is a metal with a silvery appearance, that is chemically reactive and occurs in at least 3 allotropic forms: α-neptunium (orthorhombic), β-neptunium (above 280 °C, tetragonal), γ-neptunium (above 577 °C, cubic). Trace amounts of neptunium are found naturally as decay products from transmutation reactions in uranium ores.
94	Pu	Plutonium	242	Plutonium is a silvery-white actinide metal that tarnishes when exposed to air, forming a dull coating of oxide. It occurs in at least 6 allotropes. It is also a radioactive poison that accumulates in bone marrow, hence handling plutonium is highly dangerous.
95	Am	Americium	243	Americium is a radioactive metal with a silvery and white luster. At room temperature it slowly tarnishes in dry air.
96	Cm	Curium	247	Curium is a radioactive metal produced by bombarding plutonium with alpha particles (it does not occur naturally).
97	Bk	Berkelium	247	Berkelium is a radioactive metal produced by bombarding americum with alpha particles.
98	Cf	Californium	251	Californium is a radioactive metal produced by bombarding curium with alpha particles.
99	Es	Einsteinium	254	Einsteinium is a highly radioactive element considered to be a metal but without any practical uses. It does not occur naturally in measureable quantities and is considered highly toxic.
100	Fm	Fermium	253	Fermium is a highly radioactive element considered to be a metal and produced by bombarding plutonium with neutrons. It is extremely rare and highly toxic.
101	Md	Mendelevium	256	Mendelevium is a highly radioactive element usually synthesized by bombarding einsteinium with alpha particles. It has no known uses as only trace amounts have ever been produced.
102	No	Nobelium	254	Nobelium was first announced in the late 1950s. Its physical appearance is unknown but it is thought likely to be silvery-white or grey and metallic. If sufficient amounts of nobelium were ever produced, it would pose a radiation hazard.
103	Lw	Lawrencium	257	Lawrencium is so rare that its gross appearance (e.g. colour, form etc.) is unknown. It is thought likely to be a silvery-white or grey metal but if sufficient amounts of lawrencium were ever produced, it would pose a serious radiation hazard.
104	Rf	Rutherfordium	261	Rutherfordium is a rare, synthetic, highly radioactive element.
105	Db	Dubnium	262	Dubnium is a rare, synthetic, highly radioactive element.
106	Sg	Seaborgium	266	Seaborgium is a rare, synthetic, highly radioactive element.
107	Bh	Bohrium	264	Bohrium is a rare, synthetic, highly radioactive element.
108	Hs	Hassium	277	Hassium is a rare, synthetic, highly radioactive element.
109	Mt	Meitnerium	268	Meitnerium is a rare, synthetic, highly radioactive element.
110	Ds	Darmstadtium	271	Darmstadtium is a rare, synthetic, highly radioactive element.
111	Rg	Roentgenium	272	Roentgenium is a rare, synthetic, highly radioactive element.

Atomic Number	Chemical Symbol	Name of Chemical (in English)	Atomic Weight (Mass Number)
1	H	Hydrogen	1
Hydrogen is a colourless gas at room temperature. It is highly flammable.
2	He	Helium	4
Helium is a colourless odourless tasteless gas at room temperature.
3	Li	Lithium	7
Lithium is a soft silver-white metal classified as an "alkali metal" element.
4	Be	Beryllium	9
Beryllium is found naturally only combined with other elements e.g. in aquamarine, emerald and chrysoberyl. The free element beryllium is a steel-gray, strong, lightweight brittle "alkaline earth metal".
5	B	Boron	11
Boron exists as amorphous boron (a brown powder) and crystalline boron (black, very hard and a poor conductor at room temperature).
6	C	Carbon	12
Carbon exists as graphite, diamond, and amorphous carbon.
7	N	Nitrogen	14
Nitrogen is a colourless odorless tasteless and mostly inert gas at room temperature.
8	O	Oxygen	16
Oxygen occurs as a highly reactive colourless odourless tasteless gas.
9	F	Fluorine	19
Fluorine is a very reactive poisonous pale-yellowish brown gas.
10	Ne	Neon	20
Neon is a colourless inert noble gas that glows reddish-orange in discharge tubes and neon lamps.
11	Na	Sodium	23
Sodium is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive "alkali metal" element.
12	Mg	Magnesium	24
Magnesium is found naturally only combined with other elements as it is highly reactive. The free metal burns with a distinctive brilliant white light.
13	Al	Aluminium	27
Aluminium is found naturally only combined with other elements as it is highly reactive. It is a soft, durable, lightweight, ductile and malleable metal whose appearance ranges from silvery to dull gray. It is non-magnetic, non-sparking and insoluble in alcohol. The free metal burns with a distinctive brilliant white light.
14	Si	Silicon	28
Silicon rarely occurs in free element form in nature. It is found in dusts, sands, and forms of silicon dioxide (silica) or silicates.
15	P	Phosphorus	31
Phosphorus occurs in phosphate rocks. Elemental phosphorus exists in two forms, white phosphorus and red phosphorus but - due to its high reactivity, phosphorus is never found as a free element in nature.
16	S	Sulphur	32
Sulphur is a bright yellow crystalline solid. In nature, it can be found as the pure element and as sulfide and sulfate minerals.
17	Cl	Chlorine	35.5
Chlorine is a pale yellow-green, highly reactive, gas with a strong smell (of bleach) at room temperature.
18	Ar	Argon	40
Argon is a colourless odourless and non-toxic gas at room temp and pressure. It is inert under most conditions so forms no confirmed stable compounds.
19	K	Potassium	39
Potassium is a soft silvery-white alkali metal that oxidizes rapidly in air and is very reactive with water. It occurs in nature only as ionic salts, e.g. dissolved in seawater, and as part of minerals.
20	Ca	Calcium	40
Calcium is a soft grey alkaline earth metal.
21	Sc	Scandium	45
Scandium is a silvery-white metallic transition metal.
22	Ti	Titanium	48
Titanium is a light (low-density) metal that is strong, lustrous, corrosion-resistant and silver in colour.
23	V	Vanadium	51
Vanadium is a soft, silvery gray, ductile transition metal.
24	Cr	Chromium	52
Chromium is a steely-grey, lustrous, hard metal with a high melting point. It is odourless, tasteless, and malleable.
25	Mn	Manganese	55
Manganese is a silvery-grey hard metal, very brittle and difficult to fuse but easy to oxidize. Manganese metal and its common ions are paramagnetic.
26	Fe	Iron	56
Iron and iron alloys (steels) are the most common metals and ferromagnetic materials in everyday use.
27	Co	Cobalt	59
Cobalt is a hard, lustrous, grey metal that occurs in metallic-lustered ores, e.g. cobaltite (CoAsS). Cobalt-based colours and pigments have been used for jewellry and paints for 1000s years.
28	Ni	Nickel	59
Nickel is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge.
29	Cu	Copper	64
Copper is a ductile metal with high thermal and electrical conductivity. Pure copper is soft and malleable. Freshly exposed copper surfaces are pinkish / peachy in colour.
30	Zn	Zinc	65
Zinc is a bluish-white, lustrous, diamagnetic, hard, brittle, transition metal.
31	Ga	Gallium	70
Gallium is a soft silvery-coloured brittle solid at low temperatures. It is a poor metal and does not occur in elemental form in nature, but as the gallium(III) salt in very small amounts in bauxite and zinc ores.
32	Ge	Germanium	73
Germanium is a lustrous, hard, greyish-white metalloid that has five naturally occurring isotopes ranging in atomic mass number from 70 to 76. It is an important semiconductor material used in transistors, electronics,fiber-optic systems, infrared optics and solar cells.
33	As	Arsenic	75
Arsenic is a poisonous metalloid that has many forms incl. a yellow (molecular non-metallic) and several black and grey forms.
34	Se	Selenium	79
Selenium occurs in various forms, the most stable of which is a dense purplish-grey semiconductor. Non-conductive forms of selenium include a black glass-like allotrope and several red crystalline forms.
35	Br	Bromine	80
Bromine is a halogen that is a brown liquid at room temperature. Its vapour is toxic and corrosive.
36	Kr	Krypton	84
Krypton is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, noble gas that occurs in trace amounts in the atmosphere.
37	Rb	Rubidium	85.5
Rubidium is a soft, silvery-white "alkali metal" element.
38	Sr	Strontium	88
Strontium is a grey, silvery metal that is softer than calcium and highly reactive with water. It occurs naturally only in compounds with other elements, such as in the minerals strontianite and celestite.
39	Y	Yttrium	89
Yttrium is a silvery-metallic transition metal that is nearly always found combined with the lanthanoids in rare earth minerals - as a free element.
40	Zr	Zirconium	91
Zirconium is a lustrous, grey-white, strong transition metal. It is not found in nature as a free element but may be obtained from the mineral zircon.
41	Nb	Niobium	93
Niobium is a soft, grey, ductile transition metal found in the minerals pyrochlore and columbite.
42	Mo	Molybdenum	96
Molybdenum is a silvery metal that does not occur as the free metal in nature but may be extracted from certain minerals.
43	Tc	Technetium	98
Technetium is a silvery grey, crystalline transition. It is the lowest atomic number element without any stable isotopes. Most of technetium is produced synthetically but minute amounts have been found in nature. Naturally occurring technetium occurs as a spontaneous fission product in uranium ore or by neutron capture in molybdenum ores.
44	Ru	Ruthenium	101
Ruthenium is a rare transition metal that is inert to most other chemicals.
45	Rh	Rhodium	103
Rhodium is a rare, silvery-white, hard, inert transition metal.
46	Pd	Palladium	106
Palladium is a rare lustrous silvery-white transition metal. (It is relatively valuable due to its many industrial applications yet limited supply.)
47	Ag	Silver	108
Silver is a soft, white, lustrous transition metal. It is the element with the highest electrical conductivity and the metal of highest thermal conductivity.
48	Cd	Cadmium	112
Cadmium is a soft bluish-white toxic metal.
49	In	Indium	115
Indium is a rare and very soft, malleable post-transition metal. It is named for the indigo blue line in its spectrum that was the first indication of its existence as a new and unknown element (in metal ores).
50	Sn	Tin	119
Tin is a malleable, ductile, and highly crystalline silvery-white metal of low-toxicity. It was used widely during the "Bronze Age" to form bronze, an alloy of tin and copper.
51	Sb	Antimony	122
Antimony is a silvery lustrous grey metalloid that has two stable isotopes, one with 70 neutrons, the other with 72. It is found mainly as antimony sulfide, commonly known as stibnite.
52	Te	Tellurium	128
Tellurium is a brittle, mildly toxic, silver-white metalloid.
53	I	Iodine	127
Iodine is a halogen that is a bluish-black solid at room temperature and pressure. It may be seen apparently sublimating at standard temperatures into a violet-pink gas with an irritating smell.
54	Xe	Xenon	131
Xenon is a colourless, odourless, heavy, noble gas that occurs in trace amounts in the Earth's atmosphere.
55	Cs	Caesium	133
Caesium is a soft, silvery-gold alkali metal with a melting point of 28 °C. Although it has only mild chemical toxicity, the radioisotopes present are a risk in case of radiation leaks, hence caesium is considered hazardous.
56	Ba	Barium	137
Barium is a soft silvery metallic alkaline earth metal. The free element is not found in nature but in various minerals.
57	La	Lanthanum	139
Lanthanum is a silver- white, malleable, ductile, soft metal found in some rare-earth minerals, usually in combination with cerium and other rare earth elements. It may be extracted from the minerals monazite and bastnäsite.
58	Ce	Cerium	140
Cerium is a soft, silvery, ductile metal that is found in certain minerals, incl. monazite and bastnasite.
59	Pr	Praseodymium	141
Praseodymium is a soft, silvery, malleable and ductile metal. At low temperatures itis paramagnetic at any temperature above 1 Kelvin.
60	Nd	Neodymium	144
Neodymium is a rare earth metal that has a bright, silvery metallic luster - but oxidizes quickly in air.
61	Pm	Promethium	147
Promethium is a radioactive element, only trace amounts of which can be found in naturally occurring ores. Its longest lived isotope 145Pm is a soft beta emitter with a half-life of 17.7 years. Pure promethium can exist in two allotropic forms. Promethium salts luminesce in the dark with a pale blue or greenish glow, due to high radioactivity.
62	Sm	Samarium	150
Samarium is a rare earth metal with a bright silver luster.
63	Eu	Europium	152
Europium is a ductile metal that becomes a superconductor when simultaneously at both high pressure (80 GPa) and at low temperature (1.8 Kelvin). It is the most reactive rare earth elements.
64	Gd	Gadolinium	157
Gadolinium is a silvery-white malleable and ductile rare-earth metal. It is strongly paramagnetic at room temperature, and has ferromagnetic properties below room temperature. It also has a magnetocaloric effect, i.e. its temperature increases when it enters a magnetic field and decreases when it leaves the magnetic field.
65	Tb	Terbium	159
Terbium is a silvery-white rare earth metal that is malleable, ductile and soft enough to be cut with a knife. It is not found as a free element in nature but is contained in many minerals.
66	Dy	Dysprosium	162.5
Dysprosium is a rare earth metal with a bright silver luster. It is soft enough to be cut with a knife, and can be machined without sparking (when overheating is avoided). It has unusual yet important magnetic properties.
67	Ho	Holmium	165
Holmium is a relatively soft and malleable silvery-white metal that is stable in dry air at room temperature. It occurs in the minerals monazite and gadolinite. Holmium has the highest magnetic strength of any element and therefore is used for the polepieces of the strongest static magnets. It is also used in nuclear control rods.
68	Er	Erbium	167
Erbium is a silvery-white solid rare earth metal. It does not occur as the free metal in nature but may be extracted from certain minerals e.g. gadolinite.
69	Tm	Thulium	169
Thulium is a soft, malleable, ductile metal with silvery luster (when pure). It is ferromagnetic below 32 K, antiferromagnetic between 32 and 56 K and paramagnetic above 56 K.
70	Yb	Ytterbium	173
Ytterbium is a soft, malleable, ductile rare earth metal with a bright silvery luster. It has 3 allotropes (called alpha, beta and gamma) and is paramagnetic at temperatures above 1 K.
71	Lu	Lutetium	175
Lutetium is a silvery white corrosion-resistant rare earths metal that has several radioactive isotopes e.g. 176Lu.
72	Hf	Hafnium	178.5
Hafnium is a lustrous silvery-grey transition metal found in zirconium minerals.
73	Ta	Tantalum	181
Tantalum is a rare, hard, blue-gray, lustrous transition metal that occurs naturally in the mineral tantalite.
74	W	Tungsten	184
Tungsten is a steel-grey metal that may seem brittle and difficult to work, but can be worked easily when pure. It has the lowest coefficient of thermal expansion of any pure metal.
75	Re	Rhenium	186
Rhenium is a silvery-white metal that has one of the highest melting points of all elements (exceeded by W and C). It is one of the densest elements (exceeded by Pt, Ir and Os).
76	Os	Osmium	190
Osmium is an extremely dense, blue-grey, hard, brittle, metal that remains lustrous even at high temperatures. It has 4th highest melting point of all elements and is considered to be the densest known element.
77	Ir	Iridium	192
Iridium is a very hard, brittle, silvery-white transition metal, the second densest element and the most corrosion-resistant metal, even at high temperatures.
78	Pt	Platinum	195
Platinum is a silvery-white, lustrous, ductile, and malleable metal. Its resistance to wear and tarnish results in its popularity for making fine jewelry.
79	Au	Gold	197
Gold is the most malleable and ductile metal. It is unaffected by air, moisture and most corrosive reagents, hence its popularity for use in coins and jewelry and as a protective coating on other, more reactive, metals - though it is not chemically inert. Pure gold is odourless, tasteless very dense.
80	Hg	Mercury	201
Mercury is a heavy silvery-white metal - the only metal that is liquid at room temperature and pressure. Compared to other metals, it is a poor conductor of heat, but a fair conductor of electricity.
81	Tl	Thallium	204
Thallium is soft, malleable, grey poor metal. It may be perserved by storage under oil. Thallium is known for its high and nonselective toxicity.
82	Pb	Lead	207
Lead is a soft, malleable poor metal that has a bluish-white colour after being freshly cut, but it soon tarnishes to a dull greyish color when exposed to air.
83	Bi	Bismuth	209
Bismuth is a heavy and brittle poor metal that has a silvery white colour with a pink tinge (due to surface oxide). It is the most naturally diamagnetic of all metals, and only mercury has a lower thermal conductivity. It is generally considered to be the last naturally occurring stable, non-radioactive element on the periodic table, though it is slightly radioactive.
84	Po	Polonium	210
Polonium is a rare and highly radioactive metalloid that occurs in uranium ores. It has 33 known isotopes (all radioactive) that have atomic masses ranging from 188 to 220.
85	At	Astatine	210
Astatine is a highly radioactive halogen thought to be more metallic than iodine. Its most stable isotope has a half-life of around 8.3 hours. Astatine is the least reactive of the halogens (less reactive than iodine) and occurs naturally in three natural radioactive decay series but, due to its short half-life, is found only in tiny amounts.
86	Rn	Radon	222
Radon is a radioactive, colourless, odourless, tasteless noble gas, occurring naturally as the decay product of radium. It is one of the densest substances that remains a gas under normal conditions and is considered to be a health hazard due to its radioactivity.
87	Fr	Francium	223
Francium is an alkali metal and the most unstable of the naturally occurring elements. Its most stable isotope has a maximum half-life of only 22 minutes.
88	Ra	Radium	226
Radium is pure white radioactive alkaline earth metal that occurs in trace amounts in uranium ores. On exposure to air it forms a black oxide.
89	Ac	Actinium	227
Actinium is a silvery radioactive metal that glows (pale blue) in the dark due to radioactivity.
90	Th	Thorium	232
Thorium is a naturally occurring, slightly radioactive metal.
91	Pa	Protactinium	231
Protactinium is a radioactive metal that has a bright metallic luster that it retains for some time in contact with air. It is superconductive at temperatures below 1.4 Kelvin.
92	U	Uranium	238
Uranium is a silvery-white radioactive metal that has 6 known isotopes It occurs naturally in low concentrations (a few parts per million) in soil, rock and water, and is commercially extracted from uranium-bearing minerals such as uraninite.Uranium decays slowly by emitting an alpha particle.
93	Np	Neptunium	237
Neptunium is a metal with a silvery appearance, that is chemically reactive and occurs in at least 3 allotropic forms: α-neptunium (orthorhombic), β-neptunium (above 280 °C, tetragonal), γ-neptunium (above 577 °C, cubic). Trace amounts of neptunium are found naturally as decay products from transmutation reactions in uranium ores.
94	Pu	Plutonium	242
Plutonium is a silvery-white actinide metal that tarnishes when exposed to air, forming a dull coating of oxide. It occurs in at least 6 allotropes. It is also a radioactive poison that accumulates in bone marrow, hence handling plutonium is highly dangerous.
95	Am	Americium	243
Americium is a radioactive metal with a silvery and white luster. At room temperature it slowly tarnishes in dry air.
96	Cm	Curium	247
Curium is a radioactive metal produced by bombarding plutonium with alpha particles (it does not occur naturally).
97	Bk	Berkelium	247
Berkelium is a radioactive metal produced by bombarding americum with alpha particles.
98	Cf	Californium	251
Californium is a radioactive metal produced by bombarding curium with alpha particles.
99	Es	Einsteinium	254
Einsteinium is a highly radioactive element considered to be a metal but without any practical uses. It does not occur naturally in measureable quantities and is considered highly toxic.
100	Fm	Fermium	253
Fermium is a highly radioactive element considered to be a metal and produced by bombarding plutonium with neutrons. It is extremely rare and highly toxic.
101	Md	Mendelevium	256
Mendelevium is a highly radioactive element usually synthesized by bombarding einsteinium with alpha particles. It has no known uses as only trace amounts have ever been produced.
102	No	Nobelium	254
Nobelium was first announced in the late 1950s. Its physical appearance is unknown but it is thought likely to be silvery-white or grey and metallic. If sufficient amounts of nobelium were ever produced, it would pose a radiation hazard.
103	Lw	Lawrencium	257
Lawrencium is so rare that its gross appearance (e.g. colour, form etc.) is unknown. It is thought likely to be a silvery-white or grey metal but if sufficient amounts of lawrencium were ever produced, it would pose a serious radiation hazard.
104	Rf	Rutherfordium	261
Rutherfordium is a rare, synthetic, highly radioactive element.
105	Db	Dubnium	262
Dubnium is a rare, synthetic, highly radioactive element.
106	Sg	Seaborgium	266
Seaborgium is a rare, synthetic, highly radioactive element.
107	Bh	Bohrium	264
Bohrium is a rare, synthetic, highly radioactive element.
108	Hs	Hassium	277
Hassium is a rare, synthetic, highly radioactive element.
109	Mt	Meitnerium	268
Meitnerium is a rare, synthetic, highly radioactive element.
110	Ds	Darmstadtium	271
Darmstadtium is a rare, synthetic, highly radioactive element.
111	Rg	Roentgenium	272
Roentgenium is a rare, synthetic, highly radioactive element.

See also pages about the Periodic Table.

Note: This is one of a set of pages introducing basic chemistry to non-scientists. These pages include information about how how the huge subject of Chemistry may be divided into Physical Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, and Organic Chemistry. They also include introdctions to the Chemical Elements and the Periodic Table.

Introduction to Chemistry

Chemistry and Life Sciences

Chemicals in the Glossary

Introduction to Chemistry

Chemistry and Life Sciences

Chemicals in the Glossary

The Chemical Elements

Recent Health News

Recent Health News

Chemical Elements List : Symbols and Names

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